The Level of Understanding of Students in De La Salle Lipa...

Proper education is one of the main factors for a progressing nation. With the increasing cost of living, education cost also increases. This research, â€Å"The Level of Understanding of Students in De La Salle Lipa on Tuition Fee Increase† is conducted to determine students understanding on the possible cause of tuition fee increase in our school and tuition fee allocation. It is also an objective to indirectly help the students to be aware of the fees theyre paying and the allocation and breakdown of the tuition fee. After a long research online, reading articles and conducting a survey related to our topic, the researchers come up to a result that the students in Dela Salle Lipa have an average understanding on tuition fee increase. On the†¦show more content†¦Robert Kiyosaki once said that it is parents’ responsibility to send their kids to school but it is also important for parents to teach their children financial education in order to survive the real world†. The students should have the responsibility to understand the financial aspect of attending school not just the value of it. With this knowledge, students should be able to plan and adjust to sustain the cost increase on attending university/colleges. (Grant) In DLSL, tuition fee increase is most of the time unpublished. The students accept the increase without fully understanding the details and where the increase is allocated. Tuition fee breakdown is as follow: Tuition fee, Athletic Fee, Guidance Fee, Medical and Dental Fee, Library fee, Audio Visual fee, Registration fee, Deployment fee, NSTP fee. The first process that the researchers did was to search for related studies which are related on their topic. After analyzing the related studies of this research, the researchers conducted a survey to know if the students have a background about the level of understanding of the students in De La Salle Lipa on tuition fee increase. Once the survey was done and all the needed information was gathered, the researchers made the tallying of the variables. The variables used by the researchers are

Blood Pressure Responses to Exercise’ Free Essays

Introduction: Blood pressure is a measure of the force exerted by blood flow against the walls of the arteries as it transverses the body (Bakke et al., 2006). Systolic blood pressure refers to the pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart and diastolic blood pressure is where the pressure is exrted on the blood vessels during heart relaxation (Michelsen and Otterstad, 1990)Various researchers have conducted studies on the differences in blood pressure responses to isometric exercise compared to dynamic exercise. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Pressure Responses to Exercise’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, Kingwell and Jennings (1993) undertook the study to determine the blood pressure at rest and during maximum dynamic exercise and compared the results to blood pressure at isometric exercise and have established that there is a direct relation between blood pressure, isometric and dynamic exercises and the body surface area of an individual. However, a common conclusion in most of these studies established that the percentage change in blood pressure to each stress was inversely relational to the resting blood pressure. The differences in blood pressure response in this context indicate that the proportional change in the blood pressure in relation to each stress declines as the resting blood pressure increased. This study shall aim at discussing the blood pressure responses to exercise and the mechanisms of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to the blood pressure variations. Methods: Number of participants: To estimate the difference in blood pressure due to exercise, the experimentation involved 18 individuals within the age group of 19-40 years. 14 of them were male and 4, female. The experiment was performed in the conditions of rest and exercise (dynamic and isometric) and the observations were tabulated for further analysis. Instruments used for the experiment: Automated sphygmomanometer (Omron M7) Handgrip dynamometer (MIE) Cycle ergometer (Monark 874e) Measurement during rest: The participant was seated comfortably and the left arm is placed at the heart level. Measurement during Dynamic Exercise: The participants were seated on cycle ergometer and their systolic and diastolic blood pressures are noted at rest using a manual sphygmomanometer. The participant was then instructed to cycle on the ergometer for 3 minutes and the systolic and diastolic measurements are taken again using manual sphygmomanometer. The participant was then instructed to cycle for further three minutes and the readings are taken again. After the completion of test cycle, the procedure was repeated again to verify the readings using auto- sphygmomanometer. Measurement during Isometric Exercise: Using a hand grip Dynamometer, the Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was performed and measured on the participants after the resting measurement is noted. The participants were made to perform 50 percent MVC until they were able to and the duration was measured. The blood pressure was measured immediately after that using manual sphygmomanometer and the observations were noted. The tests were repeated in duplicate to verify using an automatic sphygmomanometer and the readings were tabulated. Results: The results observed indicate that there is considerable increase in the systolic blood pressure after dynamic exercise whereas diastolic blood pressure recorded a notable increase. The mean arterial pressure also had a considerable rise following dynamic exercise. On the contrary, isometric exercise yielded different observations. The systolic blood pressure showed a little increase following isometric exercise and the diastolic blood pressure was observed to decrease. The mean arterial blood pressure had no deviation after the test and remained same. From the study, the results on the blood pressure responses varied depending on the different dynamics of the body. The surface area of the body was an instrumental determinant in the blood pressure levels both at rest and during exercise. The blood pressure levels were found to vary in relation to the body surface area in terms of weight and size. From the results, participants with a higher weight exhibited lower systolic and diastol ic levels at rest. At rest, the participant with the highest weight of 122kg and 1.85m tall had 69 and 57 BP level at systolic and diastolic levels respectively. This could be compared to the participant with 48kg and 1.45m tall who had 97 and 71 systolic and diastolic BP levels at rest respectively. However, the results were different during exercise. The heavier participants exhibited higher levels of systolic and diastolic BP levels compared to the lighter participants. The heaviest participant had 156 and 86 systolic and diastolic BP levels respectively while the lightest participant had 109 and 81 systolic and diastolic BP levels respectively at exercise. Observations: Table 1: Blood Pressure Responses to Dynamic Exercise CategoryDuring RestAfter ExerciseUnits Mean Systolic126.6111111145.4444444(mmHg) Mean Diastolic81.5555555682.44444444(mmHg) Standard Deviation Systolic22.0377720919.12873484(mmHg) Standard Deviation Diastolic12.866839388.542091094(mmHg) MAP Mean96.5740741103.4444(mmHg) MAP Standard Deviation15.022773810.42746(mmHg) Table2: Blood Pressure Responses to Isometric Exercise CategoryDuring RestAfter ExerciseUnits Mean Systolic124.5129.2777778(mmHg) Mean Diastolic82.9444444480.11111111(mmHg) Standard Deviation Systolic12.3347905912.54078314(mmHg) Standard Deviation Diastolic21.5200924511.96017356(mmHg) MAP Mean96.796296396.5(mmHg) MAP Standard Deviation16.44882699.128888(mmHg) Table3: Blood Statistical analysis to determine difference between means using t-test DESCRIPTIONP-Value (T-test score) Systolic BP (mm Hg) During rest and exercise After dynamic test0.003281 Diastolic BP (mmHg) During rest and exercise After dynamic test0.372261 MAP (mmHg) during rest and Exercise after dynamic test0.033335 Systolic BP (mm Hg) During rest and exercise After isometric test0.08211226 Diastolic BP (mmHg) During rest and exercise After dynamic test0.283682569 MAP (mmHg) during rest and Exercise after dynamic test 0.471696424 Discussion: From the results, it is clear that isometric exercise produces a characteristic increase in blood pressure. This has a relation to the surface area of the body as well as the height of the individual. There is a greater increase in arterial blood pressure during static exercise compared to rest. Studies have also established that the results vary with age (Bakke et al., 2006). The results indicated that age produces a contraction of the vascular walls, which become less elastic. This is evident in the results as younger participants exhibited higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest. However, the results were different during the diastolic phase at exercise because of the elasticity differences in the vascular walls. Other studies (Boutcher and Stocker, 1999; Carre, 2002) have found similar variations in blood pressure during rest and exercise. Age and body surface area have been found to contribute greatly to the results because of the variations in the size of vascular walls (Kingwell and Jennings, 1993). Conclusions: There is a marked increase in blood pressure during isometric activity compared to dynamic activity. Studies have recognized that there is a relation flanked by blood pressure, isometric and dynamic exercises and the body surface area of an individual (Michelsen and Otterstad, 1990; Bakke et al., 2006) References Aronow W. S. 2001, Exercise therapy for older persons with cardiovascular disease. Am JGeriatr Cardiol, 10: 245–249. Bakke EF, Hisdal J, Jorgensen J. J, Kroese A, Stranden E. 2006, Blood pressure in patients with intermittent claudication increases continuously during walking. Eur J Vasc EndovascSurg; [Epub ahead of print]. Boutcher S. H, Stocker D. 1999, Cardiovascular responses to light isometric and aerobic exercise in 21-and 59-year-old males. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol (1999); 80: 220–226. Carre F. 2002, Cardiovascular benefits and hazard of physical practice. Ann Cardiol Angeiol(Paris); 51: 351–356. De Araujo W. B. Ergometria Cardiologia Desportiva Medsi. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Medica e Cientifica Ltda.; 1986. Michelsen S, Otterstad J. E. 1990, Blood pressure response during maximal exercise inapparently healthy men and women. J Intern Med, 227:157-63. Kingwell, B. A., and G. L. Jennings. 1993, Effects of walking and other exercise programs upon blood pressure in normal subjects. Med. J. Aust. 158:234 –238. How to cite Blood Pressure Responses to Exercise’, Essay examples

Economics and National Income free essay sample

Consumption (Cd) (? n) |40 |70 |100 |130 |160 |190 |220 | |Injections (J) (? bn) |20 |20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | |Withdrawals (W) (? bn) | 0 |10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | |Aggregate expenditure (E) (? bn) |60 |90 |120 |150 |180 |210 |240 | b)Calculate the marginal propensity to consume domestically produced goods (mpcd). (Cd / (Y = ? 30bn / ? 40bn = ? or 0. 75 (c)On the diagram below, label the line shown and then plot Cd , J and aggregate expenditure (E) against national income (Y). [pic] (d)What will be the equilibrium level of income (where E = Y) 120bn (f)What are withdrawals and injections at this level of income? W †¦. ?20bn J ? 20bn (g)Plot the withdrawals line on the diagram. See diagram. You should now be able to see that there are two ways of finding the equilibrium level of national income. . In a closed economy (i. e. one that does not engage in foreign trade), spending on consumer goods is related to national income by the following schedule: |Y (? bn) | 0 |20 |40 |60 |80 |100 |120 |140 |160 |180 | |Cd (? bn) | 4 |20 |36 |52 |68 | 84 |100 |116 |132 |148 | |J (? bn) |20 |20 |20 |20 |20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | |E (? n) |24 |40 |56 |72 |88 |104 |120 |136 |152 |168 | If firms are investing at a rate of ? 8n per year and the government is spending ? 12n per year: (a)Fill in the figures in the table for total injections (J) and aggregate expenditure (E). We will write a custom essay sample on Economics and National Income or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (b)What is the equilibrium level of national income 120bn (c)What is the mpcd? 4/5 or 0. 8 (d)What is the value of the expenditure multiplier? 5 (e)Suppose that full employment yields a national income of ? 40bn per annum, by how much must government expenditure be changed to reach full-employment income? Raised by ? 4bn (with a multiplier of 5, this will lead to the required rise in national income of ? 20bn) (f)Does the initial equilibrium situation represent an inflationary or a deflationary gap, and what is the size of this gap? Deflationary gap. The size of the gap is ? 4bn. (g)Now assume that the government wishes to close this gap by changing taxes. By how much must taxes be initially raised or lowered. Explain your answer. Taxes must be lowered by ? 5bn. The reason is that one fifth of any tax cut will be withdrawn into saving, additional taxes and expenditure on imports (mpw = 1/5). Thus only 4/5 of the tax cut (= ? 4bn) will result in extra consumption of domestically produced goods and services. This will then lead to a multiplied raise in national income of ? 20bn. 4. Examine the following diagram: Identify the correct letters for each of the following (circle the correct answer): (a)Equilibrium national income (i) Oa (ii) Ob (iii) Od (iv) Of (b)Injections at income Oa(i) aq (ii) ah (iii) hq (iv) qa(hq c)Withdrawals at income Of(i) tf (ii) nt (iii) mt (iv) mn (d)mpcd (i) ur/su (ii) su/ur (iii) mt/tl (iv) tr/tv (e)The amount that withdrawals rise when national income rises from Od to Of (i) tn (ii) nm (iii) tm (iv) ln (v) lm (f)mpw(i) tn/df (ii) nm/df (iii) df/tn (iv) df/nm (g)The multiplier(i) tn/df (ii) nm/df (iii) df/tn (iv) df/nm ECONOMICS Short-run Macro Equilibrium Short-run Macro Equilibrium Answers to Workshop 12 John Slo man Answers to Workshop 12 Short-run Macroeconomic Equilibrium Answers to Workshop 12 Short-run Macro Equilibrium Answers to Workshop 12 [pic]