The Level of Understanding of Students in De La Salle Lipa...

Proper education is one of the main factors for a progressing nation. With the increasing cost of living, education cost also increases. This research, â€Å"The Level of Understanding of Students in De La Salle Lipa on Tuition Fee Increase† is conducted to determine students understanding on the possible cause of tuition fee increase in our school and tuition fee allocation. It is also an objective to indirectly help the students to be aware of the fees theyre paying and the allocation and breakdown of the tuition fee. After a long research online, reading articles and conducting a survey related to our topic, the researchers come up to a result that the students in Dela Salle Lipa have an average understanding on tuition fee increase. On the†¦show more content†¦Robert Kiyosaki once said that it is parents’ responsibility to send their kids to school but it is also important for parents to teach their children financial education in order to survive the real world†. The students should have the responsibility to understand the financial aspect of attending school not just the value of it. With this knowledge, students should be able to plan and adjust to sustain the cost increase on attending university/colleges. (Grant) In DLSL, tuition fee increase is most of the time unpublished. The students accept the increase without fully understanding the details and where the increase is allocated. Tuition fee breakdown is as follow: Tuition fee, Athletic Fee, Guidance Fee, Medical and Dental Fee, Library fee, Audio Visual fee, Registration fee, Deployment fee, NSTP fee. The first process that the researchers did was to search for related studies which are related on their topic. After analyzing the related studies of this research, the researchers conducted a survey to know if the students have a background about the level of understanding of the students in De La Salle Lipa on tuition fee increase. Once the survey was done and all the needed information was gathered, the researchers made the tallying of the variables. The variables used by the researchers are

Blood Pressure Responses to Exercise’ Free Essays

Introduction: Blood pressure is a measure of the force exerted by blood flow against the walls of the arteries as it transverses the body (Bakke et al., 2006). Systolic blood pressure refers to the pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart and diastolic blood pressure is where the pressure is exrted on the blood vessels during heart relaxation (Michelsen and Otterstad, 1990)Various researchers have conducted studies on the differences in blood pressure responses to isometric exercise compared to dynamic exercise. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Pressure Responses to Exercise’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, Kingwell and Jennings (1993) undertook the study to determine the blood pressure at rest and during maximum dynamic exercise and compared the results to blood pressure at isometric exercise and have established that there is a direct relation between blood pressure, isometric and dynamic exercises and the body surface area of an individual. However, a common conclusion in most of these studies established that the percentage change in blood pressure to each stress was inversely relational to the resting blood pressure. The differences in blood pressure response in this context indicate that the proportional change in the blood pressure in relation to each stress declines as the resting blood pressure increased. This study shall aim at discussing the blood pressure responses to exercise and the mechanisms of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to the blood pressure variations. Methods: Number of participants: To estimate the difference in blood pressure due to exercise, the experimentation involved 18 individuals within the age group of 19-40 years. 14 of them were male and 4, female. The experiment was performed in the conditions of rest and exercise (dynamic and isometric) and the observations were tabulated for further analysis. Instruments used for the experiment: Automated sphygmomanometer (Omron M7) Handgrip dynamometer (MIE) Cycle ergometer (Monark 874e) Measurement during rest: The participant was seated comfortably and the left arm is placed at the heart level. Measurement during Dynamic Exercise: The participants were seated on cycle ergometer and their systolic and diastolic blood pressures are noted at rest using a manual sphygmomanometer. The participant was then instructed to cycle on the ergometer for 3 minutes and the systolic and diastolic measurements are taken again using manual sphygmomanometer. The participant was then instructed to cycle for further three minutes and the readings are taken again. After the completion of test cycle, the procedure was repeated again to verify the readings using auto- sphygmomanometer. Measurement during Isometric Exercise: Using a hand grip Dynamometer, the Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was performed and measured on the participants after the resting measurement is noted. The participants were made to perform 50 percent MVC until they were able to and the duration was measured. The blood pressure was measured immediately after that using manual sphygmomanometer and the observations were noted. The tests were repeated in duplicate to verify using an automatic sphygmomanometer and the readings were tabulated. Results: The results observed indicate that there is considerable increase in the systolic blood pressure after dynamic exercise whereas diastolic blood pressure recorded a notable increase. The mean arterial pressure also had a considerable rise following dynamic exercise. On the contrary, isometric exercise yielded different observations. The systolic blood pressure showed a little increase following isometric exercise and the diastolic blood pressure was observed to decrease. The mean arterial blood pressure had no deviation after the test and remained same. From the study, the results on the blood pressure responses varied depending on the different dynamics of the body. The surface area of the body was an instrumental determinant in the blood pressure levels both at rest and during exercise. The blood pressure levels were found to vary in relation to the body surface area in terms of weight and size. From the results, participants with a higher weight exhibited lower systolic and diastol ic levels at rest. At rest, the participant with the highest weight of 122kg and 1.85m tall had 69 and 57 BP level at systolic and diastolic levels respectively. This could be compared to the participant with 48kg and 1.45m tall who had 97 and 71 systolic and diastolic BP levels at rest respectively. However, the results were different during exercise. The heavier participants exhibited higher levels of systolic and diastolic BP levels compared to the lighter participants. The heaviest participant had 156 and 86 systolic and diastolic BP levels respectively while the lightest participant had 109 and 81 systolic and diastolic BP levels respectively at exercise. Observations: Table 1: Blood Pressure Responses to Dynamic Exercise CategoryDuring RestAfter ExerciseUnits Mean Systolic126.6111111145.4444444(mmHg) Mean Diastolic81.5555555682.44444444(mmHg) Standard Deviation Systolic22.0377720919.12873484(mmHg) Standard Deviation Diastolic12.866839388.542091094(mmHg) MAP Mean96.5740741103.4444(mmHg) MAP Standard Deviation15.022773810.42746(mmHg) Table2: Blood Pressure Responses to Isometric Exercise CategoryDuring RestAfter ExerciseUnits Mean Systolic124.5129.2777778(mmHg) Mean Diastolic82.9444444480.11111111(mmHg) Standard Deviation Systolic12.3347905912.54078314(mmHg) Standard Deviation Diastolic21.5200924511.96017356(mmHg) MAP Mean96.796296396.5(mmHg) MAP Standard Deviation16.44882699.128888(mmHg) Table3: Blood Statistical analysis to determine difference between means using t-test DESCRIPTIONP-Value (T-test score) Systolic BP (mm Hg) During rest and exercise After dynamic test0.003281 Diastolic BP (mmHg) During rest and exercise After dynamic test0.372261 MAP (mmHg) during rest and Exercise after dynamic test0.033335 Systolic BP (mm Hg) During rest and exercise After isometric test0.08211226 Diastolic BP (mmHg) During rest and exercise After dynamic test0.283682569 MAP (mmHg) during rest and Exercise after dynamic test 0.471696424 Discussion: From the results, it is clear that isometric exercise produces a characteristic increase in blood pressure. This has a relation to the surface area of the body as well as the height of the individual. There is a greater increase in arterial blood pressure during static exercise compared to rest. Studies have also established that the results vary with age (Bakke et al., 2006). The results indicated that age produces a contraction of the vascular walls, which become less elastic. This is evident in the results as younger participants exhibited higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest. However, the results were different during the diastolic phase at exercise because of the elasticity differences in the vascular walls. Other studies (Boutcher and Stocker, 1999; Carre, 2002) have found similar variations in blood pressure during rest and exercise. Age and body surface area have been found to contribute greatly to the results because of the variations in the size of vascular walls (Kingwell and Jennings, 1993). Conclusions: There is a marked increase in blood pressure during isometric activity compared to dynamic activity. Studies have recognized that there is a relation flanked by blood pressure, isometric and dynamic exercises and the body surface area of an individual (Michelsen and Otterstad, 1990; Bakke et al., 2006) References Aronow W. S. 2001, Exercise therapy for older persons with cardiovascular disease. Am JGeriatr Cardiol, 10: 245–249. Bakke EF, Hisdal J, Jorgensen J. J, Kroese A, Stranden E. 2006, Blood pressure in patients with intermittent claudication increases continuously during walking. Eur J Vasc EndovascSurg; [Epub ahead of print]. Boutcher S. H, Stocker D. 1999, Cardiovascular responses to light isometric and aerobic exercise in 21-and 59-year-old males. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol (1999); 80: 220–226. Carre F. 2002, Cardiovascular benefits and hazard of physical practice. Ann Cardiol Angeiol(Paris); 51: 351–356. De Araujo W. B. Ergometria Cardiologia Desportiva Medsi. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Medica e Cientifica Ltda.; 1986. Michelsen S, Otterstad J. E. 1990, Blood pressure response during maximal exercise inapparently healthy men and women. J Intern Med, 227:157-63. Kingwell, B. A., and G. L. Jennings. 1993, Effects of walking and other exercise programs upon blood pressure in normal subjects. Med. J. Aust. 158:234 –238. How to cite Blood Pressure Responses to Exercise’, Essay examples

Economics and National Income free essay sample

Consumption (Cd) (? n) |40 |70 |100 |130 |160 |190 |220 | |Injections (J) (? bn) |20 |20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | |Withdrawals (W) (? bn) | 0 |10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | |Aggregate expenditure (E) (? bn) |60 |90 |120 |150 |180 |210 |240 | b)Calculate the marginal propensity to consume domestically produced goods (mpcd). (Cd / (Y = ? 30bn / ? 40bn = ? or 0. 75 (c)On the diagram below, label the line shown and then plot Cd , J and aggregate expenditure (E) against national income (Y). [pic] (d)What will be the equilibrium level of income (where E = Y) 120bn (f)What are withdrawals and injections at this level of income? W †¦. ?20bn J ? 20bn (g)Plot the withdrawals line on the diagram. See diagram. You should now be able to see that there are two ways of finding the equilibrium level of national income. . In a closed economy (i. e. one that does not engage in foreign trade), spending on consumer goods is related to national income by the following schedule: |Y (? bn) | 0 |20 |40 |60 |80 |100 |120 |140 |160 |180 | |Cd (? bn) | 4 |20 |36 |52 |68 | 84 |100 |116 |132 |148 | |J (? bn) |20 |20 |20 |20 |20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | |E (? n) |24 |40 |56 |72 |88 |104 |120 |136 |152 |168 | If firms are investing at a rate of ? 8n per year and the government is spending ? 12n per year: (a)Fill in the figures in the table for total injections (J) and aggregate expenditure (E). We will write a custom essay sample on Economics and National Income or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (b)What is the equilibrium level of national income 120bn (c)What is the mpcd? 4/5 or 0. 8 (d)What is the value of the expenditure multiplier? 5 (e)Suppose that full employment yields a national income of ? 40bn per annum, by how much must government expenditure be changed to reach full-employment income? Raised by ? 4bn (with a multiplier of 5, this will lead to the required rise in national income of ? 20bn) (f)Does the initial equilibrium situation represent an inflationary or a deflationary gap, and what is the size of this gap? Deflationary gap. The size of the gap is ? 4bn. (g)Now assume that the government wishes to close this gap by changing taxes. By how much must taxes be initially raised or lowered. Explain your answer. Taxes must be lowered by ? 5bn. The reason is that one fifth of any tax cut will be withdrawn into saving, additional taxes and expenditure on imports (mpw = 1/5). Thus only 4/5 of the tax cut (= ? 4bn) will result in extra consumption of domestically produced goods and services. This will then lead to a multiplied raise in national income of ? 20bn. 4. Examine the following diagram: Identify the correct letters for each of the following (circle the correct answer): (a)Equilibrium national income (i) Oa (ii) Ob (iii) Od (iv) Of (b)Injections at income Oa(i) aq (ii) ah (iii) hq (iv) qa(hq c)Withdrawals at income Of(i) tf (ii) nt (iii) mt (iv) mn (d)mpcd (i) ur/su (ii) su/ur (iii) mt/tl (iv) tr/tv (e)The amount that withdrawals rise when national income rises from Od to Of (i) tn (ii) nm (iii) tm (iv) ln (v) lm (f)mpw(i) tn/df (ii) nm/df (iii) df/tn (iv) df/nm (g)The multiplier(i) tn/df (ii) nm/df (iii) df/tn (iv) df/nm ECONOMICS Short-run Macro Equilibrium Short-run Macro Equilibrium Answers to Workshop 12 John Slo man Answers to Workshop 12 Short-run Macroeconomic Equilibrium Answers to Workshop 12 Short-run Macro Equilibrium Answers to Workshop 12 [pic]

The Revolution of Digital Technology

Introduction Digital Revolution refers to the change in technology that has been going on in the last 40 years from analog technology and mechanical technology to the digital technology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Revolution of Digital Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The revolution have been characterized by rapid developments in the information technology with the computers becoming,faster,cheaper,powerful and smaller and this has information technology to be part and parcel of lives as it is embedded in almost all the products and people are adjusting very fast to the rapid pace that the information environment is changing. Other developments that have been realized as far as the revolution is concerned includes the digital television, digital democracy,gaming,mobile phone, the world wide web, online social networking,vitual communities, music and multimedia, digital divide among others. Th e following essay covers the issues relating to the revolution of information and the challenges that are hinder the effective revolution of digital technology. History and timeline of digital technology The invention of personal compute in the mid 20th century enhanced the invention of new technologies by converging the previous analog technology to digital format. This made it possible to make identical copies of the original and hence the ability of accessing and distributing information remotely between media. A significant development as far as the digital revolution is concerned is the transition of music from analog to recorded digital one in they early 1980s (Hoare,1998). The whole phenomenon behind digital revolution started with the invention of a transistor which in turn facilitated the invention of a microprocessor. The microprocessor saw the development of the personal computers and it was the invention of the personal computers that paved way for other digital devices that are present today. The transistor that facilitated the invention of digital computers was invented in 1947 and so the computers came onto being in the mid 1950s and it was only the government, military and the organizations that had the computer systems.As a result of digital computers invention, the World Wide Web was created.Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The personal computers were later invented in the 1970s in which the time sharing between computers was effectively realized. The general public became familiar with the computers in the 1980s in the industrialized nations such as U.S, Geramny, France among others. Thus people bought the computers for home and business use.Many people became conversant with the computers and also many jobs were created as a result. It is also in the 1980s that the first cell phone was created by Motorola (Creeber Martin, 2008). The p eriod between 1990s and 2000 was also characterized by significant developments in the digital era. First, the internet was released by the World Wide Web and so many businesses had the chance of advertising themselves. People from the developed nations were the first beneficiary of internet invention but the digital revolution eventually spread to the entire globe in 1990s implying that even people from the developing countries had the access to internet. The cell phone was also developed in this era but much later which had the effect of enhancing communication among people. The Social-economic Impacts of digital revolution The revolution of digital technology has had both positive as well as negative impact as far as social and economic aspects are concerned. The positive impacts of the revolution of the digital technology include the fact that it has enhanced interconnectedness among people. The interconnectedness has reduced costs and time as far as sending and receiving the in formation is concerned. In the past, people used to spend much money in an order to convey information (Hofstede, 1997). The digital technology has also made information to be easily accessible unlike in the past and this have resulted to great efficiency in organizations and hence enabling them to achieve their objectives. The World Wide Web has been of much assistance as it has facilitated the outsourcing by the companies and hence enhancing interaction between the companies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Revolution of Digital Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The new innovations have also brought about economic growth through globalization whereby one can even buy and sell products online without necessarily having to travel long distances in order to carry out negotiations and so everyday life of people have been made easier. Electronic commerce as a result of internet allows efficiency on th e consumer’s prices for goods and services because middlemen which have the effect of increasing the prices are eliminated as the supplier is able to sell his or her goods directly to the consumers. The negative effects as a result of revolution of digital technology includes the fact that the companies’ productivity is often reduced as employees spends much time pursuing their own interests using the digital devices that are found in the workplace e.g. playing computer games, chatting on the social network sites such as facebook and twitter,accesing emails e.t.c. The other negative impact as far as the revolution of digital technology is concerned is that there is less privacy because the information that is stored in the digital devices is susceptible to be accessed by people who were not intended to view it. Some of the information that is found in they internet for instance may not be suitable for people of all ages such as underage as it have unethical elements su ch as pornography e.t.c. due to the fact that organizations as well as individuals are allowed to publish any topic whatsoever to the world at large at minimal costs (World Culture Report, 1998). This has been a major concern for many parents as the students performance in schools continue to deteriorate because they spends much of their time either listening to music with their iPods, downloading music, watching movies and video clips e.t.c.instead of concentrating in their studies (Creeber Martin, 2008). There has also been an increase in frauds as far as the revolution in digital technology is concerned e.g. the cyber crime with the World Wide Web which has resulted to huge losses among the victims (Vikas, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Challenges of digital revolution The path towards digital revolution has not been all smooth as it has been met with challenges and the main one being digital divide (Challoner Gribbin, 2002). The gap between those who have access to information technology and those who do not have is quite wide and this has made the revolution in digital technology not to be uniform because there are societies that continues to lag behind and resulting into digital divide. The digital divide occurs mainly in the low developed nations with many people being unaware of the current digital technologies and so the revolution process cannot be carried out effectively as the people behind revolution cannot be able to get feedback on the existing products. Another challenge that is common in the digital revolution is the rate at which the evolution takes place implying that ones digital gadgets as well as programs are always at a risk of becoming obsolete due to the revolution of more effective ones and hence a person will be required to seek for the digital devices that are currently in use which is a bit costly (Hofstede, 1997). There are also concerns about trademarks and copyrights as a result of revolution of the digital technology as consumers have resulted to duplicating the original protected works instead of purchasing the original product from the manufacturers. The music and film industry is the one that has been greatly affected by these violations. This has in turn led to the killing of the morale of the original manufacturers. The emergence of counterfeit products in the market have also made it hard for the consumers both differentiate between the original products and the fake ones and this have the effect of hindering the product innovation Conclusion The digital revolution have spurred economic growth as a result of the innovations and with the personal computers advent, information management about products, people and processes became crucial in each and every s ector of the economy. The mere convergence of communication, computing and the content enhanced the digital revolution as well as digital economy. In today’s world, societies have adequate infrastructure concerning information and communication technology as revolution still continues and thus reaping benefits as a result of the advancement in technology. As competition increases in businesses, innovation is being considered as the key factor for success and so there is need to encourage the under developed nations to be innovative enough so that they can be able to compete effectively with the developed nations (Hofstede, 1997). Reference List Challoner, J. Gribbin, J (2002).The Digital Revolution. London: DK Pub Creeber, G. Martin, R. (2008).Digital cultures. London: Open University Press. Hoare, S. (1998).Digital Revolutiion: 20th century inventions. Whyman: Raintree Steck- Vaughn. Hofstede, G. (1997).Culture and Organizations Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw Hill. Vikas, M. (2002).Annals of Indian Language Computing: Goa International. UK: Conference on Universal Knowledge and Language. World Culture Report. (1998).Culture, Creativity and Markets. US: UNESCO This essay on The Revolution of Digital Technology was written and submitted by user Melanie Calderon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gcp story Essays

Gcp story Essays Gcp story Essay Gcp story Essay Daft is the closest competing firm in Italian frozen dinners segment that has been stable with 25% market share and is preparing to launch Healthy food options. Apart from the above, Natural food retailers and restaurants also pose a threat to GCP (FFD) revenues. CONTEXT GCP needs to have an above industry average growth to meet the expectations of financial markets (Wall Street). The gross revenue and marketing margin have been less than expected so far (till August 2008). Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for frozen food industry has been reducing since 2007. Super markets and retailers influence is increasing in promoting any product in frozen food industry. GCP needs to re-strategize its promotion plan to meet the planned financial figures. On the technical frontier there is a lack of measurable metric to gauge the success of promotions. Question 2: What is your advice to Sanchez regarding the national sales promotion? Shcould the funds be allocated to: (a) Dinardos 32-ounce package, (b) Dinardos 16-ounce package, or (c) Natural Meals? : Justify your decision by developing ppropriate criteria and conducting an analysis based on those criteria. Situational Analysis Impact of promotions of individual brands: Dinardos32: GCP has done national level promotion for Dinardos32 four times in last 2 years. Key highlights of the promotion are: Average % Retailer participating in national promotion : 27. 07% Iincrease in sales volume of Dinardos32 : 45% Cannibalization of Dinardos16 : 88% decline in sales volume of Dinardo16 Net impact on Top-line revenue: Decrease by $1. 2 million dollars. Net impact on Marketing Margin of FFD : Decrease by $4. 5 million ROMI : -1. 2 Dinardds16: GCP has done national level promotion for Dinardos16 five times in last national promotion : 30. 8% Iincrease in sales volume of Dinardos16 : 63% Cannibalization of Dinardos32 : 20% decline in sales volume of Dinardo16 Net impact on Top-line revenue: Iincrease by $2. 8 million dollars. Net impact on Marketing Margin of FFD : Decrease by $2. 5 million ROMI : -0. 57 Natural Meals: This brand has never been premoted at national level by GCP because of fear of tarnishing the premium brand image. However, the projections of national promotion (if carried out) seem positive economically positive. There has been very little or no correlation between the promotion of D32 or D16 and sales of Naturals ea s Ine data Inalcates tnat tnere nas Deen no cannlDallzatlon on sales 0T Natural Meals because of promotion of D32 or Dl exhibit 3). Also, this is the brand which has shown the y-o-y growth of 15% which is a potential oopportunity in the food industry. To forecast the national promotion impact of Natural meals on the financials of FFD, we assumed that 25% of the retailers will agree to premote the brand. Key highlights of the analysis: Average % Retailer participating in national romotion : 25% Iincrease in sales volume of Natural Meals : 50% No significant cannibalization of other brands Net impact on Top-line revenue: Iincrease by $6. 7 million dollars. Net impact on Marketing Margin of FFD : Iincrease by $0. 5 million ROMI : 0. 12 Seasonal sales analysis and impact of promotion on Forward-buying: Refer Exhibit 2. There is no consistent seasonal impact of months on the total sales of each brand in last two years. The maxima in the graphs are due to promotion of the brand and minima are due to the promotion of other brand (Cannibalization). The subsequent onths do not show any drop in the sales which confirms that there is no significant Forward-buying concern. Strategic Options GCP has an option of promoting Dinardos32, Dinardos16 and/or Natural Meals in the last four months of the year to boost its marketing margins to meet the annual target. Below are the Pros and Cons of promoting each brand. Dinardos32 Dinardos16 Natural Meals pros Cons Iincrease in sales revenue of D32 Huge Cannibalization of D16. Negative sales revenue for FFD. (Exhibit 4) Iincrease in sales revenue of D16 Significant Cannibalization of D32. (Refer Exhibit 4) Iincrease in sales revenue Premium product image tarnishing. Negligible stock piling Negative ROMI (-1. 2). (including the effect of cannibalization) Negligible stock piling Negative ROMI(-O. 57). (including the effect of cannibalization) Ppositive ROMI (0. 12) Aggressive promotion response from Daft. Iincrease in marketing margin of D32 High promotion cost Decrease in Marketing margin of D16. No significant cannibalization (Reter ExnlDlt 1 Tor more aetalls) Comparison of Promotion Strategies: GCP has three options to engage in promotional activities with the retailers and super markets i. , Off Invoice, Pay for Performance and Target Based. GCP has been traditionally going for pay-for-performance strategy in promotion of D32 and D16. Off Invoice Pay-for performance Target-based Iincrease in sales because of forward buying. Retailers may not pass cost benefit to end customers. Iincrease in sales. Retailers apprehension. No forward buying Retailers apprehension Benefit and incentives for Retailers. No tracking of actual sales. Measurable outcome. Only 25-30% retailers participation. Measurable outcome Retailers participation may go down below 25% Key Analysis: GCP has been traditionally going for pay-for-performance strategy in promotion of D32 and D16. However, we would recommend GCP to go for a mix of off invoice and pay for performance strategies for promotion of Natural Meals brand. Under this scheme, the retailers would receive 50% of promotion incentive when they first place an order with GCP (Off invoice promotion). The remaining 50% of promotion incentive will be paid to them when these items are sold to the end customer at promotional prices (pay-for-performance). This would reduce the retailers apprehension as they will be getting an advance amount for promotion. We expect this strategy would result into increase in the % of store participation to minimum 40% from current estimated 25%. We have noticed that promotions of D32 and D16 have a negative impact on sales of the other due to cannibalization. As the end effect, the marketing margin gets affected if we premote any of the two. Data shows that, there is a negative impact of every promotion (regional or national) of D32 or D16. *(Refer exhibit 1- Part I and Part II and Exhibit 4). For every promotion ppercentage of D32, average sales of D16 are reduced by 171 ,752. This shows that even during the verage regional promotion of D32 at 7. 3%, sales of D16 are getting affected by 1,275,903. i. e. if we stop the regional promotion of D32, there will be rise in monthly sales of D16 by 1,275,903. In this case, the sales of D32 will be equal to baseline sales ana promotlon expenalture will De u Ssimilarly, tnere wlll De rise In montnly Iincrease in sales of D32 by 437,428 by reducing the promotion of D16 to O. Also, the average sales of D16 without promotion will be equal to baseline sales. It has also been noted that, even for Dinardos other, considering only the baseline volume and bringing the egional promotion down to O helps in improving the bottom-line. GCP is losing money by doing regional promotions on Dinardos other as promotion costs are higher than marketing margin gained by the promotions. As ROMI on Natural Meals is positive, we would recommend 40% national promotion of the same for two months out of four months remaining. This will be possible because of new promotion strategy of mix of off invoice and pay-for -performance strategies. Advice: As a conclusion, our advice to Mr. Sanchez will be stop promotion of Dinardos brands (both regional and national) for next four months and run a national promotion for Natural Meals in 40% of the stores in two of the next four months. This would help FFD to meet their annual target (Marketing Margin/Profit will be approximately equal to the planned profit for 2008). Refer exhibit 5. (Table for last four months projected volume). Positioning Statement Keeping in mind the positive ROMI and ppercentage increase in per year sales (15% increase) of Natural Meals, we plan to achieve our targeted revenue for 2008 by exploiting its popularity among health-conscious customers and launching its promotion campaign at National Level in two of the next four months. We will also top promotion of all the Dinardos products both at regional and national level. Implementation Strategy 1 . Product: Banking on the success in regional promotion of Natural Meals, Ppositive Return on Marketing Investment (ROMI) and expected increase in participation from retailers (owing to mix of off-invoice promotion strategy and pay-per-performance strategy), we will premote Natural Meals for 2 months at National Level. 2. Promotion: 50% for pay-per-performance strategy and 50% for off-invoice strategy We expect the participation of retailers would increase from anticipated 25% currently using pay-per-performance approach) to 40% (using combination of off-invoice and pay-per-performance approaches). This would help us reduce significantly the impact of competitors product launch as we will have sthronger ties with retailers and we will leverage the deal-conscious nature of consumers. 3. Price: By promoting Natural Meals, we will give the consumers attractive discount keeping the marked price same. 4. Place: Leveraging the good relations with super markets and retailers, we will strive to secure front-end displays for Natural Meals, highlighting its key features and attractive discounts. M Model of marketing communications is used to increase Natural Meals brand-awareness. Market Encourage existing customers to buy more at discounted prices. Attract new customers by highlighting health-benefits and discounted prices. Mission To meet the annual plan for FFD to improve the bottom-line. Message Consume low fat foods free of any added preservatives at reasonable costs. Media Advertise in print-media to raise awareness about the promotion campaign Money Encouraging customers to buy in volumes by offering discounts in sales period. Measurement ROMI ana nlgner MarKetlng-Marglns to meet annual target. Question 3: Shcould the FFD division be running promotions at all?

Budgets Essay Example for Free

Budgets Essay Essay Topic: Budgets Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints There are certain elements that are to be considered in studying and defining the budget, especially in the field of public administration. These elements include economic, political, and ideological concerns that affect the processes budget goes through. A fourth element that defines budget is societal concerns, which proves to be an important factor for the success of the budget. The budget is said to be economic such that it paints a picture where there is a supply and demand. The supply of funds available for the organization would likewise be met by a demand by its components. The scarcity in funds, as is mostly the situation for finite resources, results to the competition of the different departments for their share in the budget. On the other hand, the political and ideological concerns would mostly be found in the budget process as reflected by the final appropriations. The debate that it has to go through in the respective legislative bodies entails a political and ideological working where each actor would pursue their interests. The last component is the concern for societal welfare. A budget, no matter how big, if it is hounded by cold gigantic infrastructures is said to be a failure. It is important that behind every amount pursued for in the budget, there should be a corresponding impact on raising the quality of life of the people for whom it is intended for. The elements of the budget? economic, ideological, political, and societal? are important elements that play several important roles during the existence of the budget and will continue to serve their purpose to make an effective appropriation. Budgets. (2016, Oct 31).

Employment prospects beyond the year 2010 Term Paper

Employment prospects beyond the year 2010 - Term Paper Example The wide extent of policy actions applied by different governments during the beginning of the recession has helped stabilize financial markets and advance faster recovery, but there are still structural problems that should be conquered, and this happens to be the more challenging aspect of addressing systemic causes of the recession (United Nations, 2011, p.1). For instance, even when the banking sector made some progress in disposing some problematic assets, it is still susceptible to multiple risks. Those risks can further depreciate real estate markets, distress sovereign debt markets, and reinforce low credit growth (United Nations, 2011, p.1). Many developing countries and economies in transition, however, are demonstrating more positive signs of growth, since the third quarter of 2009 (United Nations, 2011, p.1). A strong economic rebound has been posted by emerging economies in Asia and Latin America, chiefly China, India and Brazil (United Nations, 2011, p.1). These countri es mostly used policy buffers, such as sufficient fiscal space and foreign-exchange reserves, to generate â€Å"aggressive stimulus packages† (United Nations, 2011, p.1). ... Constant high levels of unemployment, with rising numbers of workers who lacked jobs for protracted periods, are holding back private consumption demand (United Nations, 2011, p.1). They also contribute to escalating housing foreclosures, which are adding to the frailty of the financial system (United Nations, 2011, p.1). High unemployment and underemployment also harm public finances too (United Nations, 2011, p.1). This paper will explore the employment prospects beyond 2010 for the United States, Europe, and Asia. Employment Prospects The financial fragility of global economic conditions has affected remunerative employment growth and the latter stands for the â€Å"weakest link in the recovery† (United Nations, 2011, p.10). From 2007 to the end of 2009, around 30 million lost their jobs due to the global financial crisis (United Nations, 2011, p.10). This figure is said to even underestimate the entire intensity of the job crisis, since it relies on official labor statisti cs, which for numerous developing countries, only make up the formal sector employment in urban areas, and so it indicates that there is unrecorded unemployed found in low-productivity and unofficial rural economic activities (United Nations, 2011, p.10). The economic output, especially for developed countries, remain below expected rates, and slow economic growth did not provide enough jobs to hire back all those who lost their jobs since the recession took place (United Nations, 2011, p.10). Furthermore, governments that continue to follow fiscal tightening, which comprises of tax hikes and spending cuts, only depreciate possibilities of greater employment growth rates (United Nations, 2011, p.10). Some developed economies,